First, key terms
Application layer: A layer in the TCP/IP stack that supports network applications and provides an interface to interact with the local operating environment.
Transport Layer: A layer in the TCP/IP stack that provides error control and validation and acts as an interface to network applications.
Internet layer: A layer in the TCP/IP stack that provides logical addressing and routing.
Network Access Layer: A layer in the TCP/IP stack that provides an interface to the physical network.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): A reliable, connection-oriented protocol in the transport layer.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol): An unreliable, connectionless protocol in the transport layer.
Segmentation: Packets that are passed from the transport layer's TCP to the Internet layer.
Packet: A packet transmitted from the Internet layer to the network access layer, or a packet transmitted from the transport layer UDP to the Internet layer.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): A protocol that resolves a logical IP address to a physical address.
Header: Protocol information on the data attached to each layer of the protocol stack.
IP: The protocol at the Internet layer that provides logical addressing and routing capabilities.
Second, the problem
1. TCP/IP model and OSI model.
2. List the functions performed by each layer in the TCP/IP stack.
Network Access Layer: Provides an interface to the physical network. For the structure of the transmission medium setting data, the addressing of the data is realized according to the physical address of the hardware, and the error control of the data transmission in the physical network is provided.
Internet layer: Provides hardware-independent logical addresses that allow data to be transferred between subnets of different physical structures. Provide routing functions to reduce traffic and support data transfer between networks (the term "internetwork" refers to a large network formed by multiple Internet connections, such as a large company's network or the Internet). The conversion of the physical address (the address used by the network access layer) and the logical address is implemented.
Transport layer: Provides traffic control, error control, and acknowledgment services for the network. Act as an interface to web applications.
Application layer: Provides applications for network troubleshooting, file transfer, remote control, and Internet operations. It also supports application programming interfaces (APIs) that enable programs written for specific operating systems to access the network.
3. What are the main advantages of the TCP/IP modular design?
Due to the modular design of TCP/IP, the TCP/IP stack can be easily adapted to specific hardware and operating environments. Dividing network software into specific, well-designed components helps developers more easily write programs that interact with the protocol system.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of UDP compared to TCP?
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. Connection-oriented protocols provide more sophisticated flow control and error control than connectionless protocols. TCP can ensure the quality of data transmission, which is more reliable than UDP, but it is slower than UDP because of the need for additional error detection and flow control.
UDP is a connectionless protocol. Faster than TCP, but unreliable, it pushes the responsibility of error control to the application.
5. Why do you want to encapsulate header information at each layer of the TCP/IP stack?
Because each protocol layer on the receiving device needs different information to process the received data, each layer on the tr ansmitting device encapsulates the header information of the response.
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